RESUMO
PHENOMENON: Despite the rapid development of virtual medical Spanish educational materials, online resources lack transparency and a peer-review process. The purpose of this interdisciplinary study was to provide a critical inventory of virtual resources for medical Spanish education, thereby providing a panorama of the current state of online medical Spanish. APPROACH: Research team members conducted iterative searches to identify medical Spanish online resources, which were then screened for predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Between June and August 2020, a panel of medical and language experts then adapted and applied a previously published evaluation tool to determine whether resources that met study criteria would help learners achieve medical Spanish core competencies and to what extent each resource incorporated communicative language activities. Consensus meetings were conducted to resolve disagreements and identify gaps in online education. FINDINGS: Out of 465 resources, 127 were further screened, and eight were selected for evaluation. Medical and language specialists independently scored each resource and, following discussions, achieved consensus. Overall, no resource met suitability criteria for all five medical Spanish learner competencies or cultural elements, and only one was suitable for achieving the self-assessment competency. INSIGHTS: Interdisciplinary consensus meetings provide an important avenue for resolving differences of opinion and for integrating both language and medical perspectives into the evaluation process. Existing online resources should be used in conjunction with other materials to ensure that all core competencies for medical Spanish education are addressed. This study revealed important gaps in online resources, including a need to target advanced Spanish learners, apply authentic communicative activities, include assessment opportunities, and integrate culture in the learning program. Based on the current state of online medical Spanish, we offer recommendations for future resources.
Assuntos
Educação a Distância , Educação Médica , Humanos , Comunicação , IdiomaRESUMO
La enfermedad de Parkinson es un trastorno neurodegenerativo que se caracteriza por la presencia de temblor en reposo, bradicinesia y rigidez como consecuencia de la pérdida de neuronas dopaminérgicas en la vía nigroestriatal. El objetivo de esta revisión teórica es examinar la respuesta placebo en la enfermedad de Parkinson, recopilando los estudios publicados desde el año 2000 hasta la actualidad mediante una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Medline, Psycinfo y Scopus. Los resultados indican que, aunque suele haber una clara respuesta a la medicación antiparkinsoniana, con mejora de los síntomas motores de la enfermedad, también se han observado mejoras significativas a nivel motor tras la administración de placebo, si bien generalmente estos cambios son de corta duración. Se señalan también algunas limitaciones potenciales de esta revisión y la importancia que la respuesta placebo tiene tanto para el diseño de trabajos de investigación como desde el punto de vista clínico
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of tremor at rest, bradykinesia and rigidity as a consequence of the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. The objective of this theoretical review is to examine the placebo response in Parkinson's disease, compiling the information referring to the studies published from year 2000 until the present time by an electronic search in Medline, Psycinfo and Scopus databases. Results indicate that, although there is usually a clear response to antiparkinsonian medication, showing an improvement of the motor symptoms of the disease, significant improvements have also been observed at the motor level in response to the administration of placebo, although generally these changes are of short duration. Finally, some potential limitations of this review are pointed out, and the importance that the placebo response has both for experimental designs and from the clinical point of view
